在本文中,我(wo)們(men)(men)(men)將深入探(tan)(tan)討激光測距(ju)(ju)傳感器程序設計的原(yuan)理(li)和實(shi)(shi)施過程。我(wo)們(men)(men)(men)將從基本概念開(kai)始(shi),逐步引(yin)導您了解如(ru)何(he)使用編(bian)程語言(如(ru)Python)來實(shi)(shi)現這個(ge)項(xiang)目,并(bing)通過實(shi)(shi)際示例展示其工作原(yuan)理(li)。讓我(wo)們(men)(men)(men)一起探(tan)(tan)索(suo)激光測距(ju)(ju)技術如(ru)何(he)改變我(wo)們(men)(men)(men)的生活(huo)方式(shi),以及如(ru)何(he)利用編(bian)程技能(neng)將其應用于(yu)各(ge)種場(chang)景。
## 一(yi)、激光測距傳感器概述
激光測(ce)距(ju)傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)器是一種利用激光脈沖進行測(ce)量(liang)的(de)裝(zhuang)置。它可以(yi)測(ce)量(liang)目標物體(ti)與(yu)傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)器之間的(de)距(ju)離(li)(li),通常用于(yu)測(ce)量(liang)墻壁高(gao)度、障礙(ai)物距(ju)離(li)(li)或(huo)者精確定位等應用場景。本(ben)節(jie)將介紹(shao)激光測(ce)距(ju)傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)器的(de)基本(ben)工(gong)作原(yuan)理和組成部分。
### 1.1 激光測距原理
激光(guang)(guang)(guang)測(ce)距系(xi)統(tong)的核心部(bu)分(fen)(fen)是激光(guang)(guang)(guang)發射(she)(she)器(qi)和(he)接收器(qi)。激光(guang)(guang)(guang)發射(she)(she)器(qi)發出(chu)一(yi)(yi)束短(duan)脈沖激光(guang)(guang)(guang),當這束激光(guang)(guang)(guang)遇到目(mu)(mu)標物(wu)體時,一(yi)(yi)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)光(guang)(guang)(guang)線會被吸(xi)收,另一(yi)(yi)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)光(guang)(guang)(guang)線則會反射(she)(she)回來(lai)。接收器(qi)接收反射(she)(she)回來(lai)的光(guang)(guang)(guang)線,通(tong)過計算光(guang)(guang)(guang)線往返時間(τ),我們可以得到目(mu)(mu)標物(wu)體與傳感器(qi)之間的距離d。
根據(ju)激光速遷率公(gong)式(shi):
Δt = √((L_s / L_r) * (R_max^2 - R_min^2)) + Δt_b
Δt為(wei)光(guang)程差(cha)(即光(guang)線往(wang)返(fan)時間),L_s為(wei)激光(guang)束(shu)路徑(jing)長度,L_r為(wei)參考(kao)光(guang)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)波長,R_max為(wei)目標物(wu)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最大反射(she)率處的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)距離(li),R_min為(wei)目標物(wu)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最小反射(she)率處的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)距離(li),Δt_b是(shi)考(kao)慮大氣折射(she)效應引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)誤差(cha)所需的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)附加時間。
通(tong)過測量Δt,我們可(ke)以計算出目標物體(ti)與傳(chuan)感器之(zhi)間的(de)距離(li)d。需要注(zhu)意的(de)是,為了確保(bao)測量精度,我們需要避(bi)免環(huan)境光(guang)對激光(guang)測距的(de)影響。
## 二、使用Python實(shi)現激光測距(ju)程序設計
在(zai)本節中(zhong),我(wo)(wo)(wo)們將介紹如何(he)使用Python編(bian)程語(yu)言編(bian)寫一個簡(jian)單(dan)的(de)(de)激光(guang)測距程序。我(wo)(wo)(wo)們將使用`pulseio`庫(ku)來控制樹(shu)莓派上的(de)(de)舵機模塊,以模擬激光(guang)發射器的(de)(de)工作(zuo)原(yuan)理;同時,我(wo)(wo)(wo)們將使用`sensor`庫(ku)來讀取(qu)超聲波模塊的(de)(de)數據,以獲取(qu)目標(biao)物(wu)體與傳感器之(zhi)間的(de)(de)距離。
### 2.1 安裝所需庫(ku)
我(wo)們需要安裝`pulseio`和`sensor`庫:
```bash
pip install pulseio sensor
```
### 2.2 編寫激(ji)光發(fa)射(she)器代碼
我們編(bian)寫一個簡(jian)單的Python程序(xu),用于控制(zhi)樹莓派上的舵機模塊模擬激光發射器:
```python
from machine import Pin, PWM
import time
# 定義舵機(ji)引(yin)腳和頻率(Hz)
servo_pin = Pin(18, Pin.OUT)
servo_freq = 50
pwm = PWM(servo_pin, freq=servo_freq)
# 設置舵機的初始(shi)位置(角度(du))
servo_angle = 90
pwm.duty(servo_angle)
time.sleep(2)
pwm.deinit()
```
### 2.3 編寫(xie)超聲波測距(ju)代碼
我們編(bian)寫一個簡(jian)單的Python程序,用于讀取樹莓派(pai)上(shang)的超聲波模塊數據:
```python
from machine import I2C, Pin, Timer
import time
import math
import numpy as np
from pulseio import PulseOut
import sensor as S
from umqtt.simple import MQTTClient as mqttclient
import json as jsonmod # For Python3 compatibility. Use 'json' module for Python2.x support.
from struct import pack, unpack # For python3 compatibility (struct is not available in python2.x) use "struct" for python2.x support. from sys import getsizeof as sizeof from binascii import crc32 from zlib import adler32 from hashlib import sha1 from os import urandom from random import choice from string import hexdigits from itertools import count from collections import deque from re import compile try: lambdas = True except NameError: lambdas = False if not lambdas: print("Sorry your version of python isn't supported by this script") exit() else: pass # End of check for Python version # Import required libraries # Define variables and constants # End of import statements # Define functions and classes # End of function and class definitions # Main program if __name__ == '__main__': print("Starting Ultrasonic Sensor Test") i2c = I2C(scl=Pin(5), sda=Pin(4)) adc = Adc(i2c) t = Timer() test_value = adc.read() while True: test_value = adc.read() start_time = time.time() end_time = time.time() elapsed_time = end_time - start_time distance = calculate_distance() print("Distance:", distance, "cm") time.sleep(1) # Uncomment the following lines to save data to file testdata["timestamp"] = [start_time] testdata["distance"] = [distance] with open('testdata.txt', 'w') as f: jsonmod.dump(testdata, f) testdata["timestamp"] = [] testdata["distance"] = [] # Uncomment the following lines to update UI on screen testlabel["text"] = "Distance: {} cm".format(distance) # Uncomment the following lines to send data to server client.publish("ultrasonic",json.dumps({"timestamp":start_time,"distance":distance}))